In 1840, the tax officers were directed to conduct population counts as part of their regular duties. Originally appointed by the King or Premier, later by the Island Governors, and under the general supervision of the Governors, the tax officers were to:
...enumerate the people, male and female, together with the children who pay the yearly tax; and make a separate enumeration of the old men and women and those children who do not pay taxes--let them take a yearly account of the deaths and births, by which it may be ascertained whether the people of the kingdom are really diminishing in numbers or not, and by that means the amount of taxes can be known. An Act to Regulate the Taxes, enacted June 6, 1839, signed by Kamehameha III November 9, 1840.