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The Department of Education was established in 1840. In that year the Privy Council of the Kingdom instituted a system of universal education in Hawaii under the leadership of a Superintendent of the Whole, later called the Minister of Public Instruction.
In 1855 the office of Minister was replaced by the Board of Education, whose members were appointed by the King, and the department was named the Department of Public Instruction. The Board of Education was headed by a President, who acted as the Board's chief executive officer.
The President and Board administered the system through school agents, who in 1855 were stationed in 24 school districts throughout the Kingdom. The school agents worked semi- independently with the primary responsibility in the districts to hire, pay, transfer and evaluate teachers; and build and maintain the buildings and grounds of the schools. In addition, they conducted the population census and disbursed funds allotted to them by the district tax collectors. The school agents were required to report regularly to the Board on their accomplishments and on their observations of teaching effectiveness and student attendance in the schools. There developed a steady stream of reports and correspondence between the districts and the Board of Education in Honolulu during the nineteenth century.
In 1865 the office of Inspector General of schools was created to improve the quality of instruction. The Inspector- General toured the districts, inspected and supervised, and reported his findings to the Board in Honolulu. Upon authorization of the Board, he examined, certificated, appointed, dismissed, and transferred teachers; modified courses of instruction; and opened or closed schools as the population count dictated.
In 1896, Act 57 provided for a significant reorganization of the educational establishment. The Board of Education, which was subordinate to the Minister of the Interior, and had administered public education since 1855, was replaced by a Department of Public Instruction headed by a Minister, as chief administrative officer, and six commissioners. In 1900, the Organic Act left the department intact, other than renaming the Minister as the Superintendent of Public Instruction and providing that he be appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate.
Between 1909 and 1920 the system underwent a series of changes. In 1909 the school agents were replaced by supervising principals; in 1913 the building and maintenance responsibilities of the school agents were transferred out of the department to the counties; and in 1920 the number of school districts was reduced from 24 to 8. The supervising principals reported semi- annually to the Board in detailed statistical reports.
In 1931, by Act 284, the administration of the department was assigned collectively to the Board of Commissioners of Public Instruction, whose number was increased to eight. Concurrently, the Superintendent’s designation as chief administrative officer was deleted and he was made a member of the board, ex-officio.
In 1950, in another reorganization, staff offices were established under the supervision of the Superintendent. Their primary duty was to advise the Superintendent on the appropriate measures for broadening, improving and unifying the curriculum across the Territory-wide system. This included developing programs for newly identified student categories, such as the handicapped, slow learners and the disadvantaged. In the school districts, District Superintendents replaced the supervising principals and assumed the responsibility to implement the new curriculum changes.
This new staff and District Superintendent system created a large volume of studies, evaluations, reports, recommendations and publications flowing between the staff, the Superintendent, and the District Superintendents.
Between 1959 and 1966 other changes were implemented. In 1959, with Statehood, the Department was renamed the Department of Education, and the board was renamed the Board of Education. In 1966 the board was made elective rather than appointive, and was empowered to appoint the Superintendent, whereas previously the Superintendent had been a voting member of the Board. This change created a clear separation of policy-making from the administration of policy.

Planning for the optimum use of human and natural resources and for the development of the economy of the State. Collated data regarding the people, resources and needs of the State. Prescribed a standardized statistical reporting system for the State.

The Department of Land and Natural Resources was formed from a number of existing agencies and divisions, under the Hawaii State Government Reorganization Act of 1959. The Governor's Executive Order Number 14 formally established the Department on May 11, 1960.

Act 203 of the 1939 legislative session established the Department of Institutions of the Territory of Hawaiʻi and delegated to it jurisdiction over the Territorial Hospital, Waialeʻe Training School for Boys, Kawailoa Training School for Girls, and the Oʻahu Prison and prison camps. By an oversight, Waimano Home was omitted from the original act but was incorporated by Act 5, S.L.H. 1941.

Prior to 1939 the territorial institutions were administered and controlled by independent boards and commissions whose efforts were entirely uncoordinated. Act 203 abolished these boards and commissions, and transferred all the rights, powers, functions, duties, and liabilities held by them to the Department of Institutions.

Appointed by the Governor with the approval of the Territorial Senate and usually serving a term of four years, the chief executive of the department was the Director of Institutions. He also was a member of the Governor's cabinet. In broad terms, the duties of the director were: (1) to coordinate and direct all phases of the administration of the institutions, (2) to formulate policies for an integrated program of treatment and training, (3) to exercise administrative control over the preparation of all budgets and over the expenditure of all funds made available to each institution or agency, (4) to prepare legislation for presentation to the legislature, and (5) to annually report the activities and conditions of the department to the Governor. Governor Joseph B. Poindexter appointed Oscar F. Goddard the first Director of Institutions.

Pursuant to Act 203 an Advisory Board on Institutions was created. The Board consisted of five members, appointed and removed by the Governor, serving without pay and holding office for one year or until successors were appointed. The Director of Institutions was the presiding officer of the Board and he alone had the authority to call meetings. Selected to serve on the Board were Mrs. Eva Hendry, Messrs. Reginald P. Faithfull, Wade Warren Thayer, Theodore F. Trent, and F. B. Faus.

The Department of Institutions also included other government agencies. They were the Bureau of Crime Statistics and Identification, the Division of Parole and Homeplacement, and the Board of Paroles and Pardons.

The Department of Institutions was created to coordinate and direct the administrations of the several institutions. However, in 1954, Director Charles H. Silva found it necessary to delineate lines of authority, areas of conflict, and areas of overlapping. Consequently, Management Consulting Services, a private research firm, was employed to study the department. Among the significant findings of the research group was the "lack of department understanding of the way the department is set up because of too much autonomy." Management Consulting Services was contracted again in 1955 to assist in implementing the study recommendations and by 1956 the Department of Institutions was reorganized into five major divisions: the Division of Hawaii Prison System, including Oʻahu Prison and the prison camps; the Division of Territorial Hospital; the Division of Parole and Homeplacement; the Division of Waimano Home; and the Division of Training Schools, consisting of Koʻolau Boys' Home, Kawailoa Girls' Home, and the Molokaʻi Forestry Camp.

With statehood in 1959 and the ensuing reorganization of the executive departments in accordance with Act I of the Second Special Session of 1959, the authority and functions exercised by the Department of Institutions were transferred to the newly established Department of Social Services. Control over the Waimano Home and the State Hospital was delegated to the Department of Health.

The Department of Human Services was established in 1960 as the Department of Social Services. It was renamed the Department of Social Services and Housing in 1970 and received its current designation in 1987. Its records are organized into two sub-groups of one series each, Records of the Hawaii Youth Correctional Facility and Records of the Long Term Care Channeling Office/“Project Malama.” Neither agency remains in the department. The Hawaii Youth Correction Facility was placed under the Office of Youth Services in 1991 and the Long Term Care Channeling Office was disestablished in 1995.

The Department of Health is established under section 26-13 and specifically provided for in chapter 321, Hawaii Revised Statutes. It was established in 1960 by the Hawaii State Reorganization Act of 1959.

Established: By the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, 1920, enacted by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Warren Harding on July 9, 1921. Section XII of the Hawai’i State Constitution adopted the Congressional act as a law of the state. Section 24 of Act 1 passed by the First State Legislature, Second Special Session transferred the authority and functions of the Hawaiian Homes Commission to the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands.

The office of the Minister for Foreign Relations was authorized by the Act to Organize the Executive Ministries of the Hawaiian Islands, which passed on October 29, 1845. Its functions were established by the Second Act of Kamehameha III, passed on April 27, 1846, which organized the executive departments. The department was responsible for relations with foreign governments by accrediting special emissaries on diplomatic missions and consular agents resident in foreign ports, for receiving representatives of foreign governments, for protecting national security, for serving as the intermediary to register foreign vessels and settling affairs involving foreign residents, and for issuing passports.
The functions of the department terminated on June 14, 1900 when the Organic Act established territorial government.

The establishment of a Hawaii Treasury Board in 1842 (Constitution and Laws) was the first official step taken to organize and manage the nation's finances. G.P. Judd, Timothy Haalilio, and John Ii were appointed, on May 10, 1842, the first three members of the Board. The Hawaiian government had incurred a large debt and the Treasury Board was set up to institute a financial system and to initiate revenues to pay off this debt and deal with other growing costs of the new government. One of their first policies, aimed at increasing revenues, was the initiation of an import duty (January 1843) of 3% which later escalated to 5% (June 1845). In order to clarify what constituted a government debt, the 1842 Constitution and Laws passed legislation aimed at restraining the king and chiefs from incurring further government debts. The statute required that no debt would be paid by the government "unless the debt be contracted through the Treasury Board, and the obligation have the signature of the King and Premier."

The Finance Department and the post of Minister of Finance was officially organized by legislative enactment in 1846. The statute (Session Laws, 2nd Act, Part III) relating to the organization of the executive departments describes the Finance Department as follows:

"That in order to conduct with greater certainty and system the several executive functions reposed by the Constitution in the king and premier, there shall be and is hereby created, a department to be styled the 'Department of Finance;' over which the minister of finance, created by an act to organize the executive ministry, shall preside, residing and having his place of business at the seat of the Hawaiian government…"

The act further defines the duties of the department including: internal taxes, foreign imposts, currency and coins, departmental fees, fines, government realizations, keeping books of the respective transactions of each bureau, etc.

The government continued to face increasing expenditures for public works projects as commerce and agriculture grew. These expenditures caused large debts which eventually could not be met by the government's ordinary revenues and borrowing became necessary. The Legislature of 1855 authorized the Minister of Finance to negotiate the first loan and further schemes involving loans and the issuing of government bonds (to cover the loans) became common.

"By the Civil Code of 1859 two important changes were made in the fiscal system designed to increase the revenue of the government: (1) a tax on one quarter of one per cent of assessed valuation was imposed on real and personal property; (2) duties on foreign imports, except alcoholic liquors, were doubled, from 5 to 10 percent. These changes did not cause a substantial increase in revenue immediately, but they did ultimately accomplish that result." (Kuykendall, p.176, Kingdom 1854-1874)

The earliest legislation dealing with taxes appears in the 1840 Laws and here the government sets up internal taxation in the form of a poll tax (on people), a land tax (by volume assessed in swine), and a labor day tax (on people) for public works projects. These programs were overseen by the Governors of each island with the assistance of a tax officer appointed by the King and Premier.

The 1859 tax on real property, mentioned earlier, was a frequent cause of public complaint. Not only because the rate of taxation kept increasing, it rose from one quarter of one percent in 1859 to one percent in 1886, but because the taxpayers disagreed with the assessed value placed on their land. The responsibility for choosing assessors was the task of the Minister of Finance, and tax collectors were appointed by the Governors of each island. In 1887 (Session Laws, p.65), the Minister of Finance assumed the duties of the island governors in the appointing and supervising of tax collectors. On April 1, 1889 (Session Laws 1888. p.82) the Minister of Finance became responsible for appointing one assessor and collector of taxes (called an "Assessor") for each taxation district (four altogether) with the approval of the Cabinet. These Assessors in turn appointed as many deputies as necessary "with the concurrence of the Minister of Finance…to properly perform the duties of assessing and collecting the taxes.” (Session Laws 1888, p.83). On June 12, 1896, an act to provide for the assessment and collection of a tax on income from and after July 1, 1897, was approved.

The Treasury Board and its successor the Finance Department both recognized the inadequacy of available currency, as the Hawaiian government had none of its own and had to rely on various foreign specie. Gold and silver coins, usually of United States origin, were the predominate circulating currency of the Hawaiian Islands. The first coin, a copper cent, was issued by the Hawaiian government in 1847 but gained only limited circulation "owing to the prejudices of the common people against the metal, and more perhaps, the prejudices of merchants against very small transactions." (Finance Report, 1851) Coins were again issued in 1883, when one million dollars in Hawaiian silver coinage was struck at the San Francisco mint in denominations of dollars, half-dollars, quarter-dollars, and dimes.

In 1859 (Civil Code, Section 479) a law was passed to alleviate the problem of insufficient currency.

“For the purpose of promoting convenience in business and exchange between the different islands of the kingdom, it shall be lawful for the Minister of Finance, in his discretion, to receive any current funds on deposit, to any amount not less than fifty dollars, and to issue certificates of deposit thereof, payable to bearer, on demand, without interest.”

The first certificate was issued on October 10, 1859 and people could obtain the paper money (certificates) by presenting their silver or gold coins at the Minister of Finance office for exchange. During Kalakaua's reign the law was amended changing some of the requirements and more notes were issued. These certificates were never widely used as currency due to fears that the notes could be counterfeit and that they were not readily exchangeable for hard coin.

Besides treasury notes, a principal banker (Bishop & Co.) tried to rectify the problem of lack of negotiable large denomination currency by depositing a large amount of silver coins in the Treasury. "For this amount, payable on demand, without interest, receipts" were issued "of various denominations, which being indorsed by the depositor, pass current as money, and are very convenient in payment of large amounts at the Custom House and elsewhere." (Finance Report, 1868)

With the passage of the Organic Act in June 1900, the Territorial government discontinued issuing paper money (certificates) and the 1903 United States Congress passed a law making it illegal to circulate Hawaiian certificates as money after January 1, 1905.

The following is a list of the Ministers of Finance through annexation.

Ministers of Finance
G.P. Judd - (President of Treasury Board, May 1842), April 1846 - September 1849
Edwin O. Hall - (acting) September 1849 - September 1850
G.P. Judd - September 1850 - September 1853
Elisha B. Allen - September 1853 - June 1857
Lot Kamehameha - (acting) June 1856 - May 1858
David L. Gregg - May 1858 - August 1862
Lot Kamehameha - (acting)
Charles Gordon Hopkins - November 5-30, 1863
C. de Varigny - December 1863 - December 1865
Charles C. Harris - December 1865 - December 1869
Stephen H. Phillips - (acting) May 1867
Ferdinand W. Hutchison - (acting)
J. Mott Smith - December 1869 - August 1872
Robert Stirling - August 1872 - February 1874
P. Nahaolelua - February - October 1874
John S. Walker - October 1874 - December 1876
John M. Kapena - December 1876 - July 1878
Simon K. Kaai - July 1878 - August 1880
M. Kuaea - August - September 1880
John S. Walker - September 1880 - May 1882
John E. Bush - May - August 1882
Simon K. Kaai - August 1882 - February 1883
John M. Kapena - February 1883 - September 1885
Charles T. Gulick - (acting) September 1885 - June 1886
Paul Kanoa - June 1886 - July 1887
W.L. Green - July 1887 - July 1889 (withdrew due to illness)
S.M. Damon - July 1889 - June 1890
Godfrey Brown - June 1890 - February 1891
H.A. Widemann - February - March 1891
Samuel Parker - (acting) March - July 1891
J. Mott Smith - July - October 1891
Samuel Parker - (acting) October 1891 - January 1892
H.A. Widemann - January - September 1892
E.C. Macfarlane - September - November 1892
Wm. H. Cornwell - November 1-8, 1892
Peter C. Jones - November 1892 - January 13, 1893
Wm. H. Cornwell - January 13-17, 1893
Peter C. Jones - January 17 - March 15, 1893
Theo. C. Porter - March 15 - May 1893
S.M. Damon - May 1893 - November 1899
Henry E. Cooper - (Ad interim) June - July 1899
Henry E. Cooper - (Ad interim) September - November 1899
Theo. F. Lansing - November - December 1899
S.M. Damon - December 1899 - June 1900