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The earliest record in the census collection is a tax officer's account book to lands and people of the Waialua, Oahu area, 1840-1842. Includes lists of names. Other name lists are found in Poalua Books (Tuesday Tax) or School Tax books for N. Hilo, 1850 and Maui, Honuauaula area, 1854. The rest of these records, covering Oahu for 1843, are statistical reports or tables showing totals for the island and districts by various taxable or exempt categories, such as male, female, parents with three or more children, elderly and infirm, and even the number of cats and dogs.

Only a limited number of census returns have survived from the nineteenth century. They are available only for the years 1866, 1878, 1890, and 1896, and no one census is wholly complete.

The Archives collection also includes a few examples of tax office records dating from 1840. These records include name lists and statistical reports of the population listed by taxable categories.